1.1 百分数定义与互化 Definition and Conversions
百分数表示"百分之几",即把整体分成 100 份,取其中的若干份。符号为 %。
A percentage expresses a number as a fraction of 100, denoted by the symbol %.
50% = 1/2,25% = 1/4,75% = 3/4,20% = 1/5,10% = 1/10,5% = 1/20,1% = 1/100
2.1 增减百分比 Percentage Increase and Decrease
原价 P 上涨 a% 后:新价 = P × (1 + a/100)
原价 P 下降 a% 后:新价 = P × (1 − a/100)
After a% increase: New = P × (1 + a/100). After a% decrease: New = P × (1 − a/100).
2.2 折扣与利率 Discounts and Interest
折扣问题:打 a 折 = 原价 × a/10。如 8 折 = 原价 × 0.8
An "a discount" means the price is a/10 of the original. "8折" = original × 0.8.
单利公式:利息 = 本金 × 利率 × 时间;本息合计 = 本金 × (1 + 利率 × 时间)
Simple interest: Interest = Principal × Rate × Time; Total = Principal × (1 + Rate × Time).
3.1 比例方程 Proportional Equations
当整体 A 的 a% 等于 B 时,可以设方程:
A 比 B 多 p% → A = B × (1 + p/100)
A 比 B 少 p% → A = B × (1 − p/100)
"A是B的p%" → A = B × p/100(注意这里是"是"不是"比")
一件商品原价 200 元,打 7 折后价格是多少?An item originally priced at 200 yuan is sold at a 30% discount. What is the sale price?
某数先增加 25%,再减少 20%,最终值是原数的百分之几?A number is increased by 25%, then decreased by 20%. What percentage of the original is the final value?
验证:×1.25×0.8 = ×1.0,正好抵消。Start with 100: ×1.25=125, then ×0.8=100. Final = 100% of original.
3/8 用百分数表示是多少?Express 3/8 as a percentage.
将 30g 盐溶解在 120g 水中,盐水的浓度是多少?30 grams of salt is dissolved in 120 grams of water. What is the concentration of the salt solution?
下列哪个数最大?Which of the following is the greatest?
A) 40% B) 1/3 C) 0.38 D) 3/8A) 40% B) 1/3 C) 0.38 D) 3/8
第1题 原价 150 元的商品打 8 折,现价是多少?An item priced at 150 yuan is sold at a 20% discount. What is the sale price?
第2题 某数增加 50% 后是 90,原数是多少?A number increased by 50% equals 90. What was the original number?
第3题 5/4 用百分数表示是多少?Express 5/4 as a percentage.
第4题 某商品原价 80 元,涨价 25% 后又降价 25%,最终价格是多少?An item costs 80 yuan. Its price is increased by 25%, then decreased by 25%. What is the final price?
第5题 某班有40名学生,其中女生占55%,女生有多少人?A class has 40 students, and 55% are girls. How many girls are there?
第6题 哪种表示方式与 0.45 等价?Which of the following is equivalent to 0.45?
第7题 本金1000元,年利率5%,存2年(单利),本息合计是多少?1000 yuan is deposited at 5% simple annual interest for 2 years. What is the total amount?
第8题 某班女生24人,占全班的60%,全班有多少人?A class has 24 girls, who make up 60% of the class. How many students are in the class?