💲 百分比

Percentages

百分比是 AMC 8 每年必考的应用题核心知识点,涉及折扣、利率、浓度、增长率等多种实际场景。掌握百分数与分数、小数的互化,是解决 AMC 应用题的关键。

📚 4 章节💡 5 道例题✏️ 8 道练习🎯 难度:基础⏱ 约30分钟
1
百分数的基本概念 Basic Concepts of Percentages
基础AMC高频

1.1 百分数定义与互化 Definition and Conversions

百分数表示"百分之几",即把整体分成 100 份,取其中的若干份。符号为 %

A percentage expresses a number as a fraction of 100, denoted by the symbol %.

📝 百分数 ↔ 分数 ↔ 小数 互化公式
百分数 → 小数:除以100(如 75% = 0.75)
小数 → 百分数:乘以100(如 0.35 = 35%)
百分数 → 分数:写成分母为100,再约分(如 40% = 40/100 = 2/5)
分数 → 百分数:先化为小数,再乘100(如 3/5 = 0.6 = 60%)
% = ÷100, decimal = % ÷ 100. To convert fraction to %: fraction → decimal → multiply by 100.
💡 邓老师提示:AMC 考试中常用以下换算需要熟记:
50% = 1/2,25% = 1/4,75% = 3/4,20% = 1/5,10% = 1/10,5% = 1/20,1% = 1/100
2
百分数应用 Applications of Percentages
中等AMC高频

2.1 增减百分比 Percentage Increase and Decrease

原价 P 上涨 a% 后:新价 = P × (1 + a/100)

原价 P 下降 a% 后:新价 = P × (1 − a/100)

After a% increase: New = P × (1 + a/100). After a% decrease: New = P × (1 − a/100).

📝 连续增减的百分比
原价100元,先涨20%再降20%:100×1.2×0.8 = 96元 ≠ 100元!
注意:涨和降的百分比基数不同,连续涨跌不等于回到原价
A 20% increase then 20% decrease does NOT return to the original value. Compute sequentially: 100×1.2×0.8=96 ≠ 100.

2.2 折扣与利率 Discounts and Interest

折扣问题:打 a 折 = 原价 × a/10。如 8 折 = 原价 × 0.8

An "a discount" means the price is a/10 of the original. "8折" = original × 0.8.

单利公式:利息 = 本金 × 利率 × 时间;本息合计 = 本金 × (1 + 利率 × 时间)

Simple interest: Interest = Principal × Rate × Time; Total = Principal × (1 + Rate × Time).

📝 浓度问题 / Concentration Problems
浓度 = 溶质质量 / 溶液总质量 × 100%
例:20g盐溶于80g水 → 浓度 = 20/(20+80) × 100% = 20%
Concentration = (solute mass) / (total solution mass) × 100%.
3
百分数与比例 Percentages and Proportions
中等AMC高频

3.1 比例方程 Proportional Equations

当整体 A 的 a% 等于 B 时,可以设方程:

📝 百分数应用方程
A 的 p% = B → A × p/100 = B → A = B × 100/p
注意区分"占整体的百分比"和"百分比增长"的区别
💡 邓老师提示:AMC 中经常出现"A比B多/少百分之几"的问题:
A 比 B 多 p% → A = B × (1 + p/100)
A 比 B 少 p% → A = B × (1 − p/100)
"A是B的p%" → A = B × p/100(注意这里是"是"不是"比")
4
例题精讲 Worked Examples
5 题含历年真题
📌 例题 1 AMC 8 常考题型

一件商品原价 200 元,打 7 折后价格是多少?An item originally priced at 200 yuan is sold at a 30% discount. What is the sale price?

解题思路
打7折 = 原价 × 7/10 = 200 × 0.7 = 140元7折 = 70% of original price. 200 × 0.7 = 140 yuan.
📌 例题 2 增减百分比

某数先增加 25%,再减少 20%,最终值是原数的百分之几?A number is increased by 25%, then decreased by 20%. What percentage of the original is the final value?

解题思路:逐步计算,不要直接相减
设原数为100:增加25% → 100×1.25 = 125;再减少20% → 125×0.8 = 100(恰好回到原数!)。
验证:×1.25×0.8 = ×1.0,正好抵消。Start with 100: ×1.25=125, then ×0.8=100. Final = 100% of original.
📌 例题 3 百分数 ↔ 分数互化

3/8 用百分数表示是多少?Express 3/8 as a percentage.

解题思路
3/8 = 0.375,0.375 × 100 = 37.5%3/8 = 0.375. 0.375 × 100 = 37.5%.
📌 例题 4 浓度问题

将 30g 盐溶解在 120g 水中,盐水的浓度是多少?30 grams of salt is dissolved in 120 grams of water. What is the concentration of the salt solution?

解题思路
溶液总质量 = 30 + 120 = 150g;浓度 = 30/150 × 100% = 20%Total solution = 150g. Concentration = 30/150 × 100% = 20%.
📌 例题 5 比较大小

下列哪个数最大?Which of the following is the greatest?

A) 40%  B) 1/3  C) 0.38  D) 3/8A) 40%  B) 1/3  C) 0.38  D) 3/8

解题思路:统一化小数比较
40% = 0.4,1/3 ≈ 0.333,0.38 = 0.38,3/8 = 0.375。最大的是 40%(0.4)。40% = 0.4, 1/3 ≈ 0.333, 0.38 = 0.38, 3/8 = 0.375. Greatest is 40%.
5
巩固练习 Practice Problems
8 题提交即判

第1题 原价 150 元的商品打 8 折,现价是多少?An item priced at 150 yuan is sold at a 20% discount. What is the sale price?

第2题 某数增加 50% 后是 90,原数是多少?A number increased by 50% equals 90. What was the original number?

第3题 5/4 用百分数表示是多少?Express 5/4 as a percentage.

第4题 某商品原价 80 元,涨价 25% 后又降价 25%,最终价格是多少?An item costs 80 yuan. Its price is increased by 25%, then decreased by 25%. What is the final price?

第5题 某班有40名学生,其中女生占55%,女生有多少人?A class has 40 students, and 55% are girls. How many girls are there?

第6题 哪种表示方式与 0.45 等价?Which of the following is equivalent to 0.45?

第7题 本金1000元,年利率5%,存2年(单利),本息合计是多少?1000 yuan is deposited at 5% simple annual interest for 2 years. What is the total amount?

第8题 某班女生24人,占全班的60%,全班有多少人?A class has 24 girls, who make up 60% of the class. How many students are in the class?