🔗 因数与倍数

Factors and Multiples

因数与倍数是 AMC 8 的核心考点之一。掌握因数个数公式、完全数、GCD 与 LCM 的求法,是解决 AMC 数论题的必备基础技能。

📚 4 章节 💡 5 道例题 ✏️ 8 道练习 🎯 难度:基础 ⏱ 约30分钟
1
因数与倍数的基本概念 Basic Concepts of Factors and Multiples
基础 必考

1.1 因数与倍数的定义 Definition of Factors and Multiples

如果整数 a 能被整数 b 整除(即 a ÷ b 没有余数),那么:

  • b 叫做 a 的因数(factor / divisor)  b is a factor (or divisor) of a
  • a 叫做 b 的倍数(multiple)  a is a multiple of b
📝 数学表达 / Mathematical Notation
如果 a = b × k(k 为整数),则 b | a,b 是 a 的因数,a 是 b 的倍数
If a = b × k (k is an integer), then b divides a; b is a factor of a, and a is a multiple of b.

举例:

  • 12 = 3 × 4 → 3 和 4 都是 12 的因数;12 是 3 和 4 的倍数
  • 18 = 2 × 9 → 2 和 9 都是 18 的因数;18 是 2 和 9 的倍数
💡 邓老师提示:因数和倍数是"配对"出现的。如果 c 是 a 的因数,那么 a ÷ c 的商也一定是 a 的因数——它们是一对"因数对"。
Factors come in pairs. If c is a factor of a, then a ÷ c is also a factor of a.

1.2 因数对 Factor Pairs

每个正整数 a(大于0)都可以写成若干个因数对的乘积。因数对的特点是:两个因数相乘等于 a。

Every positive integer a can be written as the product of factor pairs. Each pair multiplies to a.

举例:

  • 12 的因数对:1×12、2×6、3×4 → 因数有 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12(共6个)
  • 36 的因数对:1×36、2×18、3×12、4×9、6×6 → 因数有 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36(共9个)
⚠️ 注意:因数对中的两个因数可能相等(如 6×6 = 36),此时只算一个因数。当 a 是完全平方数时,因数个数是奇数。
When a is a perfect square, the total number of factors is always odd (the square root pairs with itself).
2
因数的个数与和 Number and Sum of Factors
中等 AMC高频

2.1 因数个数公式 Formula for the Number of Factors

如果一个正整数 N 的质因数分解为:

📝 质因数分解 / Prime Factorization
N = p₁a₁ × p₂a₂ × … × pₖaₖ
其中 p₁, p₂, …, pₖ 是互不相同的质数,a₁, a₂, …, aₖ 是它们的指数(≥ 1)
where p₁, p₂, …, pₖ are distinct primes, and a₁, a₂, …, aₖ are their exponents (≥ 1)

则 N 的因数个数公式为:

📝 因数个数公式 / Number-of-Factors Formula
因数个数 d(N) = (a₁ + 1) × (a₂ + 1) × … × (aₖ + 1)
每个质因数的指数加1后相乘
Add 1 to each exponent, then multiply: d(N) = (a₁+1)(a₂+1)...(aₖ+1)

举例:

  • 12 = 2² × 3¹ → 因数个数 = (2+1)×(1+1) = 3×2 = 6
  • 36 = 2² × 3² → 因数个数 = (2+1)×(2+1) = 3×3 = 9
  • 60 = 2² × 3¹ × 5¹ → 因数个数 = (2+1)×(1+1)×(1+1) = 3×2×2 = 12
💡 邓老师提示:因数个数公式是 AMC 8 的高频考点!牢记"指数+1再相乘"的套路。先做质因数分解,再套公式。
This formula is frequently tested on the AMC 8! Always prime-factorize first, then apply (exponent+1) for each prime.

2.2 完全数 Perfect Numbers

完全数(perfect number)是指一个正整数等于它所有真因数(不包括它本身)之和。

A perfect number is a positive integer equal to the sum of all its proper divisors (excluding itself).

📝 完全数的定义
若 σ(n) = 2n,则 n 为完全数
其中 σ(n) 是 n 的所有因数之和(包括自身)
where σ(n) is the sum of all divisors of n (including n itself)

举例:

  • 6 = 1 + 2 + 3 ✓(最小的完全数)
  • 28 = 1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 14 ✓(第二个完全数)
  • 496 是第三个完全数,8128 是第四个完全数

目前已知的完全数都是偶数,且与 2 的幂有关(欧几里得-欧拉定理)。

All known perfect numbers are even and related to powers of 2 (Euclid-Euler theorem).

3
最大公因数与最小公倍数 GCD and LCM
基础 AMC高频

3.1 GCD(最大公因数)Greatest Common Divisor

两个或多个整数公共因数中最大的叫做最大公因数,记作 gcd(a, b) 或 (a, b)。

The greatest common divisor (GCD) of two or more integers is the largest integer that divides all of them. Denoted gcd(a, b).

📝 求 GCD 的方法:质因数分解法
gcd(a, b) = 取两数质因数分解中相同质数的最小指数之积
举例:12 = 2²×3, 18 = 2×3² → gcd = 2¹×3¹ = 6
Take the common prime factors raised to the smaller exponent.
📝 求 GCD 的方法:辗转相除法 / Euclidean Algorithm
gcd(a, b) = gcd(b, a mod b),反复操作直到余数为0
举例:gcd(48, 18) → gcd(18, 12) → gcd(12, 6) → gcd(6, 0) → 6
gcd(48, 18) → gcd(18, 12) → gcd(12, 6) → gcd(6, 0) → 6

3.2 LCM(最小公倍数)Least Common Multiple

两个或多个整数公共倍数中最小的叫做最小公倍数,记作 lcm(a, b) 或 [a, b]。

The least common multiple (LCM) of two or more integers is the smallest positive integer divisible by all of them. Denoted lcm(a, b).

📝 求 LCM 的方法:质因数分解法
lcm(a, b) = 取两数质因数分解中所有质数的最大指数之积
举例:12 = 2²×3, 18 = 2×3² → lcm = 2²×3² = 4×9 = 36
Take all prime factors raised to the larger exponent.
📝 GCD 与 LCM 的关系
a × b = gcd(a, b) × lcm(a, b)
两个正整数的乘积等于它们的最大公因数和最小公倍数的乘积
For any two positive integers: a × b = gcd(a, b) × lcm(a, b)
💡 邓老师提示:AMC 中常用"先除后乘"的技巧:lcm(a,b) = a ÷ gcd(a,b) × b。这样可以避免先求质因数分解而计算量过大。
A useful AMC trick: lcm(a,b) = a ÷ gcd(a,b) × b. Compute the GCD first, then divide one number and multiply by the other.
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例题精讲 Worked Examples
5 题 含历年真题
📌 例题 1 AMC 8 常考题型

72 有多少个正因数? How many positive divisors does 72 have?

解题思路:先质因数分解,再套用公式
72 = 2³ × 3²
因数个数 = (3+1) × (2+1) = 4 × 3 = 12
验证:72的因数有 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 72(共12个)。 72 = 2³ × 3². Number of factors = (3+1)(2+1) = 4×3 = 12. Verify: 1,2,3,4,6,8,9,12,18,24,36,72.
📌 例题 2 GCD / LCM

两个正整数的最大公因数是 4,最小公倍数是 60。已知其中一个数是 12,另一个数是多少? Two positive integers have GCD = 4 and LCM = 60. One of them is 12. What is the other?

解题思路:利用 a × b = gcd × lcm
由公式:a × b = gcd × lcm = 4 × 60 = 240
已知 a = 12,则 b = 240 ÷ 12 = 20
验证:gcd(12, 20) = 4 ✓,lcm(12, 20) = 60 ✓ Using a × b = gcd × lcm: 12 × b = 4 × 60 = 240, so b = 20. Verify: gcd(12,20)=4, lcm(12,20)=60.
📌 例题 3 因数个数公式

恰好有 8 个正因数的最小正整数是多少? What is the smallest positive integer with exactly 8 positive divisors?

解题思路:逆向思考因数个数公式
8 = 8×1 = 4×2 = 2×2×2
对应的指数形式:a₁+1=8→a₁=7 → 2⁷=128
或 a₁+1=4,a₂+1=2 → a₁=3,a₂=1 → 2³×3=24
或 a₁+1=a₂+1=a₃+1=2 → a₁=a₂=a₃=1 → 2×3×5=30
最小的组合是 2³×3 = 24 Factor 8 = 4×2 gives exponent pattern (3,1) → 2³×3 = 24. Factor 8 = 2×2×2 gives (1,1,1) → 2×3×5 = 30. Smallest is 24.
📌 例题 4 辗转相除法

用辗转相除法求 gcd(221, 85)。 Find gcd(221, 85) using the Euclidean algorithm.

解题思路:辗转相除法步骤
221 ÷ 85 = 2 余 51 → gcd(221,85) = gcd(85,51)
85 ÷ 51 = 1 余 34 → gcd(85,51) = gcd(51,34)
51 ÷ 34 = 1 余 17 → gcd(51,34) = gcd(34,17)
34 ÷ 17 = 2 余 0 → gcd = 17 221 = 85×2 + 51; 85 = 51×1 + 34; 51 = 34×1 + 17; 34 = 17×2 + 0. gcd = 17.
📌 例题 5 完全数

下列哪个数是完全数? Which of the following is a perfect number?

解题思路:检查真因数之和是否等于自身
6 的真因数:1 + 2 + 3 = 6 ✓ 是完全数
12 的真因数:1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 6 = 16 ≠ 12 ✗
8 的真因数:1 + 2 + 4 = 7 ≠ 8 ✗
10 的真因数:1 + 2 + 5 = 8 ≠ 10 ✗
最小且唯一的答案是 6。 6 = 1 + 2 + 3 ✓ (perfect). 12 ≠ 1+2+3+4+6 = 16. 8 ≠ 1+2+4 = 7. The only perfect number here is 6.
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巩固练习 Practice Problems
8 题 提交即判

第1题 90 = 2 × 3² × 5,90 有多少个正因数? 90 = 2 × 3² × 5. How many positive divisors does 90 have?

第2题 gcd(56, 24) 等于多少? What is gcd(56, 24)?

第3题 lcm(8, 12) 等于多少? What is lcm(8, 12)?

第4题 48 和 72 的最大公因数是哪个?用辗转相除法验证。 What is the GCD of 48 and 72? Verify using the Euclidean algorithm.

第5题 已知 gcd(a, b) = 6,lcm(a, b) = 84,a = 42,求 b。 Given gcd(a,b)=6, lcm(a,b)=84, and a=42. Find b.

第6题 下列哪个数是 30 的因数? Which of the following is a factor of 30?

第7题 恰好有 6 个正因数的最小正整数是多少? What is the smallest positive integer with exactly 6 positive divisors?

第8题 36 的所有因数之和是多少? What is the sum of all positive divisors of 36?