1.1 因数与倍数的定义 Definition of Factors and Multiples
如果整数 a 能被整数 b 整除(即 a ÷ b 没有余数),那么:
- b 叫做 a 的因数(factor / divisor) b is a factor (or divisor) of a
- a 叫做 b 的倍数(multiple) a is a multiple of b
举例:
- 12 = 3 × 4 → 3 和 4 都是 12 的因数;12 是 3 和 4 的倍数
- 18 = 2 × 9 → 2 和 9 都是 18 的因数;18 是 2 和 9 的倍数
Factors come in pairs. If c is a factor of a, then a ÷ c is also a factor of a.
1.2 因数对 Factor Pairs
每个正整数 a(大于0)都可以写成若干个因数对的乘积。因数对的特点是:两个因数相乘等于 a。
Every positive integer a can be written as the product of factor pairs. Each pair multiplies to a.
举例:
- 12 的因数对:1×12、2×6、3×4 → 因数有 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12(共6个)
- 36 的因数对:1×36、2×18、3×12、4×9、6×6 → 因数有 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36(共9个)
When a is a perfect square, the total number of factors is always odd (the square root pairs with itself).
2.1 因数个数公式 Formula for the Number of Factors
如果一个正整数 N 的质因数分解为:
则 N 的因数个数公式为:
举例:
- 12 = 2² × 3¹ → 因数个数 = (2+1)×(1+1) = 3×2 = 6
- 36 = 2² × 3² → 因数个数 = (2+1)×(2+1) = 3×3 = 9
- 60 = 2² × 3¹ × 5¹ → 因数个数 = (2+1)×(1+1)×(1+1) = 3×2×2 = 12
This formula is frequently tested on the AMC 8! Always prime-factorize first, then apply (exponent+1) for each prime.
2.2 完全数 Perfect Numbers
完全数(perfect number)是指一个正整数等于它所有真因数(不包括它本身)之和。
A perfect number is a positive integer equal to the sum of all its proper divisors (excluding itself).
举例:
- 6 = 1 + 2 + 3 ✓(最小的完全数)
- 28 = 1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 14 ✓(第二个完全数)
- 496 是第三个完全数,8128 是第四个完全数
目前已知的完全数都是偶数,且与 2 的幂有关(欧几里得-欧拉定理)。
All known perfect numbers are even and related to powers of 2 (Euclid-Euler theorem).
3.1 GCD(最大公因数)Greatest Common Divisor
两个或多个整数公共因数中最大的叫做最大公因数,记作 gcd(a, b) 或 (a, b)。
The greatest common divisor (GCD) of two or more integers is the largest integer that divides all of them. Denoted gcd(a, b).
3.2 LCM(最小公倍数)Least Common Multiple
两个或多个整数公共倍数中最小的叫做最小公倍数,记作 lcm(a, b) 或 [a, b]。
The least common multiple (LCM) of two or more integers is the smallest positive integer divisible by all of them. Denoted lcm(a, b).
A useful AMC trick: lcm(a,b) = a ÷ gcd(a,b) × b. Compute the GCD first, then divide one number and multiply by the other.
72 有多少个正因数? How many positive divisors does 72 have?
因数个数 = (3+1) × (2+1) = 4 × 3 = 12
验证:72的因数有 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 72(共12个)。 72 = 2³ × 3². Number of factors = (3+1)(2+1) = 4×3 = 12. Verify: 1,2,3,4,6,8,9,12,18,24,36,72.
两个正整数的最大公因数是 4,最小公倍数是 60。已知其中一个数是 12,另一个数是多少? Two positive integers have GCD = 4 and LCM = 60. One of them is 12. What is the other?
已知 a = 12,则 b = 240 ÷ 12 = 20
验证:gcd(12, 20) = 4 ✓,lcm(12, 20) = 60 ✓ Using a × b = gcd × lcm: 12 × b = 4 × 60 = 240, so b = 20. Verify: gcd(12,20)=4, lcm(12,20)=60.
恰好有 8 个正因数的最小正整数是多少? What is the smallest positive integer with exactly 8 positive divisors?
对应的指数形式:a₁+1=8→a₁=7 → 2⁷=128
或 a₁+1=4,a₂+1=2 → a₁=3,a₂=1 → 2³×3=24
或 a₁+1=a₂+1=a₃+1=2 → a₁=a₂=a₃=1 → 2×3×5=30
最小的组合是 2³×3 = 24 Factor 8 = 4×2 gives exponent pattern (3,1) → 2³×3 = 24. Factor 8 = 2×2×2 gives (1,1,1) → 2×3×5 = 30. Smallest is 24.
用辗转相除法求 gcd(221, 85)。 Find gcd(221, 85) using the Euclidean algorithm.
85 ÷ 51 = 1 余 34 → gcd(85,51) = gcd(51,34)
51 ÷ 34 = 1 余 17 → gcd(51,34) = gcd(34,17)
34 ÷ 17 = 2 余 0 → gcd = 17 221 = 85×2 + 51; 85 = 51×1 + 34; 51 = 34×1 + 17; 34 = 17×2 + 0. gcd = 17.
下列哪个数是完全数? Which of the following is a perfect number?
12 的真因数:1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 6 = 16 ≠ 12 ✗
8 的真因数:1 + 2 + 4 = 7 ≠ 8 ✗
10 的真因数:1 + 2 + 5 = 8 ≠ 10 ✗
最小且唯一的答案是 6。 6 = 1 + 2 + 3 ✓ (perfect). 12 ≠ 1+2+3+4+6 = 16. 8 ≠ 1+2+4 = 7. The only perfect number here is 6.
第1题 90 = 2 × 3² × 5,90 有多少个正因数? 90 = 2 × 3² × 5. How many positive divisors does 90 have?
第2题 gcd(56, 24) 等于多少? What is gcd(56, 24)?
第3题 lcm(8, 12) 等于多少? What is lcm(8, 12)?
第4题 48 和 72 的最大公因数是哪个?用辗转相除法验证。 What is the GCD of 48 and 72? Verify using the Euclidean algorithm.
第5题 已知 gcd(a, b) = 6,lcm(a, b) = 84,a = 42,求 b。 Given gcd(a,b)=6, lcm(a,b)=84, and a=42. Find b.
第6题 下列哪个数是 30 的因数? Which of the following is a factor of 30?
第7题 恰好有 6 个正因数的最小正整数是多少? What is the smallest positive integer with exactly 6 positive divisors?
第8题 36 的所有因数之和是多少? What is the sum of all positive divisors of 36?