1.1 正多面体与 Euler 公式 Regular Polyhedra & Euler's Formula
正多面体(Regular Polyhedra)又称柏拉图立体(Platonic Solids),只有五种:
| 名称 | 面数(F) | 顶点数(V) | 棱数(E) | 每面边数 | 每顶点棱数 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 正四面体 (Tetrahedron) | 4 | 4 | 6 | 3 | 3 |
| 正六面体 (Cube) | 6 | 8 | 12 | 4 | 3 |
| 正八面体 (Octahedron) | 8 | 6 | 12 | 3 | 4 |
| 正十二面体 (Dodecahedron) | 12 | 20 | 30 | 5 | 3 |
| 正二十面体 (Icosahedron) | 20 | 12 | 30 | 3 | 5 |
1.2 棱柱与棱锥的体积和表面积 Volume & Surface Area of Prisms & Pyramids
1.3 截面问题 Cross Section Problems
平面截多面体,截面多边形的顶点数不会超过12(正方体的棱数),常见题型:
2.1 圆柱、圆锥、球的体积与表面积 Cylinder, Cone & Sphere
2.2 球与内接/外切多面体 Sphere & Inscribed/Circumscribed Polyhedra
2.3 旋转体组合 Composite Solids of Revolution
复杂旋转体体积常用"割补法"或"减去法"求解:
3.1 三视图 Three-View Drawings
三视图包括:主视图(正视)、俯视图(顶视)、侧视图(侧视)。
3.2 空间中的距离与角度 Distances & Angles in Space
3.3 坐标法解立体几何 Coordinate Method
建立坐标系后,立体几何问题可转化为代数计算:
一个正十二面体有12个面,求它的棱数。A dodecahedron has 12 faces. Find the number of its edges.
一个球内接于正方体,正方体体积为64,求球的体积(用π表示)。A sphere is inscribed in a cube of volume 64. Find the sphere's volume in terms of π.
圆锥底面半径为5,母线长为13,求它的体积。A cone has base radius 5 and slant height 13. Find its volume.
已知点P(1,2,3)到平面2x+y+2z=k的距离为3,求k的值。The distance from point P(1,2,3) to the plane 2x+y+2z=k is 3. Find k.
正四棱锥底面边长为6,高为4,求它的体积。A regular square pyramid has base edge 6 and height 4. Find its volume.
第1题正八面体有多少条棱?How many edges does a regular octahedron have?
第2题圆柱底面半径为4,高为9,体积是多少?(用π表示)A cylinder has radius 4 and height 9. Find its volume (in terms of π).
第3题球的外切正方体棱长为10,求球的表面积。A sphere is circumscribed about a cube of edge 10. Find the sphere's surface area.
第4题圆锥的底面面积为16π,体积为64π,求它的高。A cone has base area 16π and volume 64π. Find its height.
第5题用平面截正方体,截面不可能是几边形?What is the maximum number of sides possible for a cross-section of a cube?
第6题点(2,0,0)到平面x+y+z=3的距离是多少?Find the distance from point (2,0,0) to the plane x+y+z=3.