1.1 等式、未知数、解 Equation, Unknown, Solution
方程(equation):含有未知数的等式。如 2x + 3 = 7。
An equation is a statement that two expressions are equal. It contains an unknown (variable).
一元一次方程:只含有一个未知数,且未知数的最高次数为1的方程。
A linear equation in one variable: one unknown, highest power = 1. General form: ax + b = 0 (a ≠ 0).
解方程的步骤 Steps to Solve
- 去括号:若有括号,先用分配律展开
- 移项:将含未知数的项移到一边,常数项移到另一边(移项要变号)
- 合并同类项:将同类项合并化简
- 系数化为1:两边同除以未知数的系数
3.1 年龄问题 Age Problems
年龄问题的核心:两个人的年龄差是恒定的(不随时间改变)。
In age problems, the age difference between two people remains constant.
n年前:小明 x−n 岁,爸爸 y−n 岁
年龄差始终 = y−x
3.2 数字问题 Digit Problems
三位数 abc = 100a + 10b + c;两位数 ab = 10a + b
For a three-digit number abc: value = 100a + 10b + c. For two-digit ab: value = 10a + b.
3.3 利润问题 Profit Problems
利润 = 售价 − 进价;利润率 = 利润 ÷ 进价 × 100%
Profit = selling price − cost price. Profit rate = profit ÷ cost price × 100%.
解方程:2x + 5 = 17Solve: 2x + 5 = 17
两边除以2:x = 12 ÷ 2 = 6
2x = 17 − 5 = 12. Divide by 2: x = 6.
解方程:3(x − 2) − 2(x + 1) = 7Solve: 3(x − 2) − 2(x + 1) = 7
合并:(3x − 2x) + (−6 − 2) = 7 → x − 8 = 7
移项:x = 7 + 8 = 15
3x−6−2x−2=7 → x−8=7 → x=15.
小明今年12岁,爸爸今年38岁。多少年后爸爸的年龄是小明的2倍?Xiao Ming is 12, and his dad is 38. In how many years will the dad be twice Xiao Ming's age?
38 + x = 2(12 + x)
38 + x = 24 + 2x
移项:38 − 24 = 2x − x → 14 = x
14年后。
38+x = 2(12+x) → 38+x=24+2x → x=14 years.
解方程:x/3 + x/6 = 4Solve: x/3 + x/6 = 4
x/3 + x/6 = 2x/6 + x/6 = 3x/6 = x/2 = 4
x = 4 × 2 = 8
LCM(3,6)=6. x/3+x/6 = 2x/6+x/6 = 3x/6 = x/2. So x/2=4 → x=8.
一个两位数,十位上的数字比个位上的数字大3。如果把十位和个位交换,新数比原数大27。求原数。A two-digit number has its tens digit 3 more than its units digit. If the digits are swapped, the new number is 27 more than the original. Find the original number.
交换后:10x + (x+3) = 11x+3
新数比原数小27:(11x+30) − (11x+3) = 27 → 27 = 27 ✓
解得 x = 1,原数 = 10×(1+3) + 1 = 41
Let unit digit = x, tens digit = x+3. Original = 10(x+3)+x = 11x+30. Swapped = 10x+x+3 = 11x+3. Original − Swapped = 27 → x = 1. Original = 41.
第1题 解方程:5x − 3 = 2x + 9Solve: 5x − 3 = 2x + 9
第2题 解方程:4(x − 1) = 3x + 2Solve: 4(x − 1) = 3x + 2
第3题 小明有18元,小红有12元。小明每天存3元,小红每天存5元。几天后两人钱数相等?Xiao Ming has 18 yuan, Xiao Hong has 12 yuan. Xiao Ming saves 3 yuan/day, Xiao Hong saves 5 yuan/day. After how many days will they have the same amount?
第4题 解方程:(x+2)/3 = 5Solve: (x+2)/3 = 5
第5题 某商品进价40元,利润率25%,售价是多少?An item costs 40 yuan with a 25% profit rate. What is the selling price?
第6题 解方程:2(3x + 1) − 4(x − 2) = 10Solve: 2(3x + 1) − 4(x − 2) = 10
第7题 兄妹俩今年年龄和为20岁,5年后哥哥比妹妹大4岁。妹妹今年几岁?Brother and sister are 20 years old combined this year. In 5 years, the brother will be 4 years older than the sister. How old is the sister now?
第8题 三个连续偶数的和是54,这三个数中最大的一个是多少?The sum of three consecutive even integers is 54. What is the largest of the three?