1.1 短除法 Short Division
短除法是最常用的质因数分解方法:从最小的质数2开始,逐步除以质数,直到商为1为止。
Short division: start dividing by 2, then 3, then 5, etc., until the quotient becomes 1.
2 | 30
3 | 15
5 | 5
1
∴ 60 = 2² × 3 × 5
1.2 分解树 Factor Tree
分解树是一种直观展示质因数分解过程的图形方法。
A factor tree visually shows the prime factorization by repeatedly splitting a number into two factors.
/ \ (8 × 9)
8 9 (2³ × 3²)
/ \ / \
2 4 2 9
/ \ / \
2 2 3 3
72 = 2³ × 3²
标准分解式 Standard Form: N = p₁ᵃ¹ × p₂ᵃ² × ...
每个大于1的整数 N 都可以唯一地写成以下形式:
3.1 求因数个数公式 Number of Divisors
若 N = p₁ᵃ¹ × p₂ᵃ² × ... × pₖᵃᵏ,则
3.2 完全平方数判定 Perfect Square Test
N 是完全平方数 ⇔ N 的标准分解式中,所有指数都是偶数。
N is a perfect square ⇔ all exponents in its prime factorization are even.
3.3 求 GCD 和 LCM GCD and LCM via Prime Factorization
给定两数 a 和 b 的质因数分解:
360 有多少个正因数?How many positive divisors does 360 have?
因数个数 = (3+1)(2+1)(1+1) = 4×3×2 = 24
360 = 2³×3²×5. d(360) = (3+1)(2+1)(1+1) = 24.
用质因数分解法求 gcd(90, 126)。Find gcd(90, 126) using prime factorization.
公共质因数:2¹×3² → gcd = 2×9 = 18
90 = 2×3²×5, 126 = 2×3²×7. Common primes: 2¹×3² → gcd = 18.
下列哪个数是完全平方数?Which of the following is a perfect square?
75 = 3×5² → 指数:1,2 → 有奇数指数 ✗
144 = 2⁴×3² → 指数:4,2 → 全部偶数 ✓
96 = 2⁵×3 → 指数:5,1 → 有奇数指数 ✗
→ 144 = 12² 是完全平方数。144 = 2⁴×3², all exponents even → 144 = 12² (perfect square).
恰好有 9 个正因数的最小正整数是多少?What is the smallest positive integer with exactly 9 positive divisors?
9 = 3×3 → a₁=2,a₂=2 → 2²×3² = 36 ✓
其他可能:2⁸=256(太大)
最小的是 36。
9 = 3×3 → exponents (2,2) → 2²×3² = 36. Smallest = 36.
用质因数分解求 lcm(48, 72)。Find lcm(48, 72) using prime factorization.
取最大指数:2⁴×3² = 16×9 = 144
48 = 2⁴×3, 72 = 2³×3². LCM = 2⁴×3² = 144.
第1题 210 = 2×3×5×7,这个分解正确吗?Is 210 = 2×3×5×7 correct?
第2题 72 = 2³×3²,72有多少个正因数?72 = 2³×3². How many positive divisors does 72 have?
第3题 下列哪个数是完全平方数?Which of the following is a perfect square?
第4题 gcd(48, 80) 用质因数分解法怎么求?Find gcd(48, 80) using prime factorization.
第5题 1到100中,有多少个整数恰好有3个正因数?How many integers from 1 to 100 have exactly 3 positive divisors?
第6题 lcm(15, 20) 是多少?What is lcm(15, 20)?
第7题 200 的质因数分解是什么?What is the prime factorization of 200?
第8题 150 的正因数之和是多少?What is the sum of all positive divisors of 150?