1.1 列举法 Listing Method
当可能的情况较少时,逐一列出所有情况并计数,是最直观的方法。
When there are few possibilities, simply listing all cases is the most straightforward approach.
举例:投掷两枚硬币,所有可能的结果:
- 正正 (HH)
- 正反 (HT)
- 反正 (TH)
- 反反 (TT)
共 4 种情况。
1.2 树形图 Tree Diagram
当选择有多个步骤时,树形图(树状图)能清晰展示所有可能路径。
When choices involve multiple steps, a tree diagram clearly shows all possible paths.
② 最终每条从根到叶的路径代表一种完整的结果
③ 数清楚每个分支的数量
② Each path from root to leaf = one outcome
③ Count branches at each step
Tree diagrams are the best way to understand the multiplication principle!
2.1 加法原理(分类计数)Addition Principle (Sum Rule)
完成一件事有不同的方法,每种方法都能独立完成,则总方法数等于各种方法数之和。
If a task can be completed by different methods, and each works independently, total = sum of each category.
举例:从上海到北京,可以坐飞机(5班/天)或坐高铁(10班/天),问共有多少种方式?5 + 10 = 15种
2.2 乘法原理(分步计数)Multiplication Principle (Product Rule)
完成一件事需要多个步骤,每个步骤缺一不可,则总方法数等于各步方法数之积。
If a task requires multiple steps, and all steps must be completed, total = product of steps.
举例:点餐:主食有3种,饮料有2种,甜点有4种。各选一种:3 × 2 × 4 = 24种
Addition = OR (categories); Multiplication = AND (steps).
3.1 排列 Permutations
从 n 个不同元素中,有序地选出 k 个排成一列:
From n distinct elements, arrange k of them in order:
举例:5个人排成一排:P(5,5) = 5! = 120种
举例:5个人选3人排成一排:P(5,3) = 5×4×3 = 60种
3.2 组合 Combinations
从 n 个不同元素中,无序地选出 k 个组成一组:
From n distinct elements, choose k of them without regard to order:
举例:5个人选3人组成委员会(不考虑职位):C(5,3) = 5!/(3!×2!) = (5×4×3)/(3×2×1) = 10种
Permutation = order matters. Combination = order doesn't matter.
从数学书5本和英语书3本中借一本,共有多少种借法?Borrow one book, either math (5) or English (3). How many ways?
密码由3位数字组成(每位0-9),共有多少种?A password has 3 digits (0-9 each). How many passwords?
5人排成一排,甲在最左,乙在最右,有多少种排法?5 people. A must be leftmost, B rightmost. How many arrangements?
从6名同学中选出4人组成学习小组,有多少种选法?From 6 students, choose 4 to form a group. How many ways?
4名男生、5名女生,选1名男生和2名女生参赛,有多少种选法?4 boys, 5 girls. Choose 1 boy and 2 girls. How many ways?
② 选2名女生:C(5,2) = 10种
乘法:4 × 10 = 40种 Choose boy: C(4,1)=4. Choose girls: C(5,2)=10. Multiply: 4×10=40.
第1题 从1,2,3,4,5中选两个数字组成两位数(数字不重复),共有多少个?From {1,2,3,4,5}, form two-digit numbers (no repetition). How many?
第2题 计算:C(5, 2) = ?What is C(5, 2)?
第3题 抛一枚硬币(正/反)和一枚骰子(1-6),共有多少种结果?Toss a coin and roll a die. How many total outcomes?
第4题 3个班各选班长,分别有4、5、6名学生可选,共有多少种选法?Three classes choose 1 monitor each (4, 5, 6 students). How many ways?
第5题 6人围坐圆桌(旋转视为相同),有多少种坐法?6 people sit around a round table. Rotations are the same. How many arrangements?
第6题 计算:P(4, 2) = ?What is P(4, 2)?
第7题 3件红衣、2件蓝衣中选2件(要求颜色不同),有多少种选法?From 3 red and 2 blue shirts, pick 2 of different colors. How many?
第8题 5人排队,甲不在最左、乙不在最右,有多少种排法?5 people line up. A not leftmost, B not rightmost. How many?