1.1 平面直角坐标系 Rectangular Coordinate System
在平面直角坐标系中,用一对有序数 (x, y) 来表示平面上任意一点的位置:
In the rectangular coordinate plane (Cartesian plane), any point is represented by an ordered pair (x, y):
- x 称为横坐标(abscissa),沿 x 轴(水平向右为正方向)
- y 称为纵坐标(ordinate),沿 y 轴(垂直向上为正方向) The x-coordinate measures horizontal distance; the y-coordinate measures vertical distance.
1.2 象限与特殊点 Quadrants and Special Points
坐标平面被 x 轴和 y 轴划分为四个象限:
The coordinate plane is divided into four quadrants by the x- and y-axes:
| 象限 | 坐标特征 | Example Points |
|---|---|---|
| 第一象限 I | x > 0, y > 0 | (3, 4), (1, 2) |
| 第二象限 II | x < 0, y > 0 | (-3, 4), (-1, 2) |
| 第三象限 III | x < 0, y < 0 | (-3, -4), (-1, -2) |
| 第四象限 IV | x > 0, y < 0 | (3, -4), (1, -2) |
| 坐标轴上 | 至少有一个坐标为 0 | (5, 0) 在x轴, (0, -3) 在y轴 |
Points on the axes (where x=0 or y=0) are NOT in any quadrant!
2.1 两点间距离公式 Distance Between Two Points
平面上两点 A(x₁, y₁) 与 B(x₂, y₂) 之间的距离,源于勾股定理:
The distance between points A(x₁, y₁) and B(x₂, y₂) is derived from the Pythagorean theorem:
推导:横坐标之差为 |x₂ − x₁|,纵坐标之差为 |y₂ − y₁|,这两条线段与 AB 构成直角三角形。
Derivation: The horizontal difference |x₂−x₁| and vertical difference |y₂−y₁| form legs of a right triangle with AB as the hypotenuse.
Can't remember the formula? Draw a right triangle first!
2.2 中点公式 Midpoint Formula
连接 A(x₁, y₁) 和 B(x₂, y₂) 的线段,其中点 M 的坐标是两个端点坐标的平均值:
The midpoint M of segment AB (endpoints A(x₁,y₁) and B(x₂,y₂)) is simply the average of the coordinates:
举例:
- A(2, 3) 和 B(8, 7) 的中点:M = ((2+8)/2, (3+7)/2) = (5, 5)
- A(-1, 4) 和 B(3, -2) 的中点:M = ((-1+3)/2, (4+(-2))/2) = (1, 1)
3.1 面积计算 Calculating Area Using Coordinates
利用坐标计算多边形面积,AMC 8 最常用的技巧是矩形法:
The most common technique on AMC 8 for finding area from coordinates is the rectangle method (shoelace-like approach):
② 计算矩形面积
③ 减去矩形内多余的三角形或小矩形
② Compute its area
③ Subtract the areas of extra triangles/rectangles outside the shape
另一种方法——割补法:将不规则图形分割成几个易算的矩形和三角形。
Another method — partition method: divide the shape into easy-to-calculate rectangles and triangles.
3.2 对称点与图形变换 Reflection and Coordinate Transformations
关于坐标轴对称的点的坐标有规律可循:
Reflecting a point across the coordinate axes follows predictable patterns:
| 变换 | 原坐标 P(a, b) | 变换后 |
|---|---|---|
| 关于 x 轴对称 | (a, b) | (a, −b) — y 变号 |
| 关于 y 轴对称 | (a, b) | (−a, b) — x 变号 |
| 关于原点对称 | (a, b) | (−a, −b) — x, y 都变号 |
| 关于直线 y = x 对称 | (a, b) | (b, a) — 交换坐标 |
Don't mix these up! Draw a quick sketch to verify.
点 A(3, 4) 和点 B(7, 1) 之间的距离是多少? What is the distance between points A(3,4) and B(7,1)?
= √[(7−3)² + (1−4)²] = √[4² + (−3)²] = √[16+9] = √25 = 5
这是一个经典的 3-4-5 直角三角形! d = √[(7−3)² + (1−4)²] = √[16+9] = √25 = 5. A classic 3-4-5 triangle!
下列哪个点在第二象限? Which of the following points is in the second quadrant?
A) (3, −5): x>0, y<0 → 第四象限 ✗
B) (−4, 7): x<0, y>0 → 第二象限 ✓
C) (2, 3): x>0, y>0 → 第一象限 ✗
D) (−1, −3): x<0, y<0 → 第三象限 ✗ Quadrant II: x < 0, y > 0. Only (−4, 7) satisfies this.
线段 AB 的端点为 A(−2, 5) 和 B(6, 1),其中点 M 的坐标是? What are the coordinates of the midpoint M of segment AB with endpoints A(−2,5) and B(6,1)?
= ((−2+6)/2 , (5+1)/2) = (4/2 , 6/2) = (2, 3) M = ((−2+6)/2, (5+1)/2) = (2, 3).
顶点为 A(0, 0)、B(6, 0)、C(6, 4)、D(0, 4) 的四边形面积是多少? What is the area of the quadrilateral with vertices A(0,0), B(6,0), C(6,4), D(0,4)?
宽 = |6 − 0| = 6(沿 x 轴)
高 = |4 − 0| = 4(沿 y 轴)
面积 = 长 × 宽 = 6 × 4 = 24 These four points form a rectangle: width = 6, height = 4. Area = 6×4 = 24.
点 P(3, −5) 关于 x 轴对称后的点 Q 的坐标是? Point P(3, −5) is reflected across the x-axis to point Q. What are the coordinates of Q?
P(3, −5) → Q(3, 5)
验证:x轴是 y=0 的直线,P到x轴距离5,对称点在x轴另一侧,同x坐标。 Reflection across x-axis: keep x the same, negate y. P(3,−5) → Q(3, 5).
第1题 点 P(−1, 4) 和点 Q(3, 1) 之间的距离是? What is the distance between P(−1,4) and Q(3,1)?
第2题 点 (0, 7) 位于哪个坐标轴上? On which axis is the point (0, 7) located?
第3题 A(2, 1) 和 B(8, 1) 的中点坐标是? What is the midpoint of A(2,1) and B(8,1)?
第4题 三角形顶点为 (0,0)、(5,0)、(5,12),它的面积是? A triangle has vertices (0,0), (5,0), and (5,12). What is its area?
第5题 点 (7, −2) 关于 y 轴对称后的点的坐标是? What are the coordinates of the point symmetric to (7, −2) about the y-axis?
第6题 坐标平面内,不在任何象限内的点共有多少个? How many points on the coordinate plane are NOT in any quadrant?
第7题 A(1, 2) 和 B(5, 2) 的距离是? What is the distance between A(1, 2) and B(5, 2)?
第8题 点 (a, b) 关于原点对称后的点坐标是 (−3, 5),则原点的坐标 (a, b) 为? The point (a, b) reflected through the origin becomes (−3, 5). What is (a, b)?