概率基础是概率与期望中的核心概念,涉及概率的定义、基本性质、事件的独立性等内容。
Basics of probability are core concepts in probability and expectation, involving the definition of probability, basic properties, independence of events, and other content.
概率的基本性质:
- 互补事件:P(A') = 1 - P(A)
- 加法公式:P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A ∩ B)
- 乘法公式:P(A ∩ B) = P(A)P(B|A) = P(B)P(A|B)
例题 1 Example 1
抛硬币的样本空间 S = {正面, 反面},事件 A = {正面}。
由于硬币是公平的,每个结果的概率相等,所以 P(A) = 1/2。
The sample space S = {heads, tails}, event A = {heads}. Since the coin is fair, each outcome has equal probability, so P(A) = 1/2.
条件概率与贝叶斯定理是概率与期望中的重要内容,涉及条件概率的计算、贝叶斯定理的应用等。
Conditional probability and Bayes' theorem are important content in probability and expectation, involving calculation of conditional probability, application of Bayes' theorem, and other content.
事件的独立性:
- 如果 P(A ∩ B) = P(A)P(B),则事件 A 和 B 独立
- 如果 A 和 B 独立,则 P(A|B) = P(A),P(B|A) = P(B)
例题 2 Example 2
根据条件概率的定义:
P(A|B) = P(A ∩ B) / P(B) = 0.2 / 0.5 = 0.4。
According to the definition of conditional probability: P(A|B) = P(A ∩ B) / P(B) = 0.2 / 0.5 = 0.4.
期望与方差是概率与期望中的重要内容,涉及随机变量的期望、方差的计算和性质。
Expectation and variance are important content in probability and expectation, involving calculation and properties of expectation and variance of random variables.
期望的性质:
- 线性性:E[aX + bY] = aE[X] + bE[Y]
- 如果 X 和 Y 独立,则 E[XY] = E[X]E[Y]
方差的性质:
- Var(aX + b) = a²Var(X)
- 如果 X 和 Y 独立,则 Var(X + Y) = Var(X) + Var(Y)
例题 3 Example 3
骰子的点数 X 可能取值为 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,每个值的概率都是 1/6。
期望 E[X] = 1×(1/6) + 2×(1/6) + 3×(1/6) + 4×(1/6) + 5×(1/6) + 6×(1/6) = (1+2+3+4+5+6)/6 = 21/6 = 3.5。
The die can show values 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, each with probability 1/6. The expectation is E[X] = (1+2+3+4+5+6)/6 = 21/6 = 3.5.
